Course Objectives:
There are numerous number materials are used in fabricating and manufacturing devices for the comfort of life. The selection, characterization and suitability assessment of natural raw materials essentially requires principles and concepts of Applied Chemistry for technicians. On successful completion of this course content will enable technicians to understand, ascertain and analyse and properties of natural raw materials require for producing economical and eco-friendly finished products.
• Solve various engineering problems applying the basic knowledge of atomic structure and chemical bonding.
• Use relevant water treatment method to solve domestic and industrial problems.
• Use relevant fuel and lubricants for domestic and industrial applications
• Solve the engineering problems using concept of Electrochemistry and corrosion.
Course Content:
• Unit 1: Atomic Structure, Chemical Bonding and Solutions
Rutherford model of atom, Bohr’s theory (expression of energy and radius to be omitted), and hydrogen spectrum explanation based on Bohr’s model of atom, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, Quantum numbers – orbital concept. Shapes of s,p and d orbitals, Pauli’s exclusion principle, Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity Aufbau rule, electronic configuration. Concept of chemical bonding – cause of chemical bonding, types of bonds: ionic bonding (NaCl example), covalent bond (H2 , F2 , HF hybridization in BeCl2 , BF3 , CH4 , NH3 , H2 O), coordination bond in NH4 + , and anomalous properties of NH3 , H2 O due to hydrogen bonding, and metallic bonding. Solution – idea of solute, solvent and solution, methods to express the concentration of solution- molarity (M = mole per liter), ppm, mass percentage, volume percentage and mole fraction.
• Unit 2:Water
Graphical presentation of water distribution on Earth (pie or bar diagram). Classification of soft and hard water based on soap test, salts causing water hardness, unit of hardness and simple numerical on water hardness. Cause of poor lathering of soap in hard water, problems caused by the use of hard water in boiler (scale and sludge, foaming and priming, corrosion etc), and quantitative measurement of water hardness by ETDA method, total dissolved solids (TDS) alkalinity estimation. i). Water softening techniques – soda lime process, zeolite process and ion exchange process. ii). Municipal water treatment (in brief only) – sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, sterilization. Water for human consumption for drinking and cooking purposes from any water sources and enlist Indian standard specification of drinking water (collect data and understand standards).
• Unit 3: Engineering Materials
Natural occurrence of metals – minerals, ores of iron, aluminium and copper, gangue (matrix), flux, slag, metallurgy – brief account of general principles of metallurgy. Extraction of - iron from haematite ore using blast furnace, aluminium from bauxite along with reactions. Alloys – definition, purposes of alloying, ferrous alloys and non-ferrous with suitable examples, properties and applications. General chemical composition, composition based applications (elementary idea only details omitted): Port land cement and hardening, Glasses Refractory and Composite materials. Polymers – monomer, homo and co polymers, degree of polymerization, simple reactions involved in preparation and their application of thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics (using PVC, PS, PTFE, nylon – 6, nylon-6,6 and Bakelite), rubber and vulcanization of rubber.
• Unit 4: Chemistry of Fuels and Lubricants
Definition of fuel and combustion of fuel, classification of fuels, calorific values (HCV and LCV), calculation of HCV and LCV using Dulong’s formula. Proximate analysis of coal solid fuel petrol and diesel - fuel rating (octane and cetane numbers), Chemical composition, calorific values and applications of LPG, CNG, water gas, coal gas, producer gas and biogas. Lubrication – function and characteristic properties of good lubricant, classification with examples, lubrication mechanism – hydrodynamic and boundary lubrication, physical properties (viscosity and viscosity index, oiliness, flash and fire point, could and pour point only) and chemical properties (coke number, total acid number saponification value) of lubricants.
• Unit 5: Electro Chemistry
Electronic concept of oxidation, reduction and redox reactions. Definition of terms: electrolytes, non-electrolytes with suitable examples, Faradays laws of electrolysis and simple numerical problems. Industrial Application of Electrolysis – • Electrometallurgy • Electroplating • Electrolytic refining. Application of redox reactions in electrochemical cells – • Primary cells – dry cell, • Secondary cell - commercially used lead storage battery, fuel and Solar cells. Introduction to Corrosion of metals – • definition, types of corrosion (chemical and electrochemical), H2 liberation and O2 absorption mechanism of electrochemical corrosion, factors affecting rate of corrosion. Internal corrosion preventive measures – • Purification, alloying and heat treatment and External corrosion preventive measures: a) metal (anodic, cathodic) coatings, b) organic inhibitors.
Suggested Sessional work:
• Unit 1: Atomic Structure, Chemical Bonding and Solutions
Assignments: Writing electronic configuration of elements up to atomic number 30 (Z= 30). Numerical on molarity, ppm, mass percentage, volume percentage and mole fraction of given solution. Seminar: 1. Quantum numbers, 2. Discuss the metallic properties such as malleability, ductility, hardness, high melting point, conductance of heat and electricity, magnetic properties of metals. Projects: Model of molecules BeCl2 , BF3 , CH4 , NH3 , H2 O.
• Unit 2: Water
Assignments: Simple problems on hardness calculation. Seminar: 1. Quality and quantity requirement of water in house and industry. 2. Quality of control measures of effluents (BOD & COD). Projects: Collect water samples from different water sources and measure of hardness of water.
• Unit 3: Engineering Materials
Assignments: Preparation of table showing different ores of iron, copper and aluminium metals along with their chemical compositions and classify in to oxide sulphide halide ores. Seminar: Discuss the chemical reactions taking place in blast furnace in extraction of Fe, Cu and Al metals. Projects: Make table showing place of availability of different ores in India and show places on India map.
• Unit 4: Chemistry of Fuels and Lubricants
Assignments: Calculation of HCV and LCV of fuel using fuel composition in Dulong’s formula. Seminar: Chemical structure of fuel components influence on fuel rating. Projects: Mapping of energy recourses in India. Collection of data of various lubricants available in the market.
• Unit 5: Electro Chemistry
Assignments: Simple problems on Faradays laws of electrolysis. Seminar: 1. Corrosion rate and units. 2. Corrosion preventions. Projects: Mapping of area in India prone to corrosion. Collection of data of various electrochemical cells batteries used in equipment and devices and available in market. Visit to sites such as Railway station to watch corrosion area in railways and research establishment in and around the institution.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course student will be able to
1. Understand the classification and general properties of engineering materials such as met-al, alloys, glasses, cement, refractory and composite materials using knowledge of chemical bonding
2. Understand and assess the suitability of water source for domestic and industrial application, effluents and minimize water pollution.
3. Qualitatively analyze the engineering materials and understand their properties and applications.
4. Choose fuel and lubricants suitable for economical industrial processing to obtain eco-friendly finished products.
5. a) Ascertain construction, mechanism efficiency of electrochemical cells, solar cell fuel cells
b) Understand corrosion and develop economical prevention techniques.
References/Suggested Learning Resources:
(a) Books :
1) Text Book of Chemistry for Class XI& XII (Part-I, Part-II); N.C.E.R.T., Delhi, 2017-18.
2) Agarwal, & Shikha, Engineering Chemistry, Cambridge University Press; New Delhi, 2015.
3) C.N. R. Rao, Understanding Chemistry, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2011.
4) Dara, S. S. & Dr.S.S.Umare, Engineering Chemistry, S.Chand. Publication, New Delhi, New Delhi, 2015.
5) Jain & Jain, Engineering Chemistry, Dhanpat Rai and Sons; New Delhi, 2015.
6) Dr. Vairam, S., Engineering Chemistry, Wiley India Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi, 2013.
7) Dr. G. H. Hugar & Prof A. N. Pathak, Applied Chemistry Laboratory Practices, Vol. I and Vol. II,
8) Agnihotri, Rajesh, Chemistry for Engineers, Wiley India Pvt.Ltd., 2014.