1. Dispensing Pharmacy:
(i) Prescriptions -Reading and understanding of prescription; Latin terms commonly
used (Detailed study is not necessary), Modern methods of prescribing, adoption
of metric system. Calculations involved in dispensing.
(ii) Incompatibilities in Prescriptions -Study of various types of incompatibilities-
physical, chemical and therapeutic.
(iii) Posology-Dose and Dosage of drugs, Factors influencing dose, Calculations of
doses on the basis of age, sex and surface area. Veterinary doses.
2. Dispensed Medications:
(Note: A detailed study of the following dispensed medication is necessary. Methods of
preparation with theoretical and practical aspects, use of appropriate containers and
closures. Special labelling requirements and storage conditions should be highlighted).
(i) Powders-Types of powders-Advantages and disadvantages of powders, Granules,
Cachets and Tablet triturates. Preparation of different types of powders encountered
in prescriptions. Weighing methods, possible errors in weighing, minimum
weighable amounts and weighing of material below the minimum weighable
amount, geometric dilution and proper usage and care of dispensing balance.
(ii) Liquid Oral Dosage Forms:
(a) Monophasic-Theoretical aspects including commonly used vehicles, essential
adjuvant like stabilizers, colourants and flavours, with examples.
Review of the following monophasic liquids with details of formulation and practical
methods.
Liquids for internal
administration
Liquids for external administration or
used on mucus membranes.
Mixtures and concentrates Gargles
Syrups Mouth washes
Throat-paints
Douches
Elixirs Ear Drops
Nasal drops & Sprays Liniments
Lotions.
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(b) Biphasic Liquid Dosage Forms:
(i) Suspension (elementary study)-Suspensions containing diffusible solids and
liquids and their preparations. Study of the adjuvant used like thickening
agents, wetting agents, their necessity and quantity to be incorporated.
Suspensions of precipitate forming liquids like, tinctures, their preparations
and stability. Suspensions produced by chemical reaction. An introduction
to flocculated, non-flocculated suspension system.
(ii) Emulsions-Types of emulsions, identification of emulsion system,
formulation of emulsions, selection of emulsifying agents. Instabilities in
emulsions. Preservation of emulsions.
(iii) Semi-Solid Dosage Forms:
(a) Ointments-Types of ointments, classification and selection of
dermatological vehicles. Preparation and stability of ointments by the
following processes: (i) Trituration (ii) Fusion (iii) Chemical reaction
(iv) Emulsification.
(b) Pastes- Difference between ointments and pastes, bases of pastes.
Preparation of pastes and their preservation.
(c) Jellies -An introduction to the different types of jellies and their
preparation.
(d) An elementary study of poultice.
(e) Suppositories and pessaries-Their relative merits and demerits, types
of suppositories, suppository bases, classification, properties,
preparation and packing of suppositories. Use of suppositories for
drug absorption.
(iv) Dental and Cosmetic Preparations: Introduction to Dentifrices, Facial
cosmetics, Deodorants, Antiperspirants, Shampoos, Hair dressing and Hair
removers.
(v) Sterile Dosage Forms:
(a) Parenteral dosage forms-Definitions, General requirements for parenteral
dosage forms. Types of parenteral formulations, vehicles, adjuvants,
processing, personnel, facilities and Quality control. Preparation of
Intravenous fluids and admixtures-Total parenteral nutrition, Dialysis
fluids.
(b) Sterility testing, particulate matter monitoring -Faulty seal packaging.
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(c) Ophthalmic Products-Study of essential characteristics of different
ophthalmic preparations. Formulation additives, special precautions in
handling and storage of ophthalmic products.
PRACTICAL
Dispensing of at least 100 products covering a wide range of preparations such as
mixtures, emulsions, lotions, liniments, E.N.T, preparations, ointments, suppositories,
powders, incompatible prescriptions etc.
Books recommended :(Latest editions)
1. Indian Pharmacopoeia.
2. British Pharmacopoeia.
3. National Formularies (N.F.I, B.N.F)
4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
5. Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeia.